Improving Agricultural Growth Critical to Global Food Security

A New International Organization Report to the G20 Highlights Need for Improving Agricultural Productivity

Jun 12, 2012

With a growing global population and rising incomes, global collaboration is urgently needed to ensure sustainable agricultural growth and food security. The issue of food security and development was first taken up at the 2010 G20 Summit in Seoul, with the 2011 G20 Action Plan providing further commitment to the goals of sustainable agricultural development. (For further information on the action items resulting from the 2011 G20 Summit, visit the Food Security Portal.)

Early in 2012 the Mexican G20 Presidency invited international organizations to examine practical actions that could be undertaken to sustainably improve agricultural productivity growth, in particular on small family farms. The preparation of this report, coordinated by the FAO and the OECD, is a collaborative undertaking by Bioversity, CGIAR Consortium, FAO, IFAD, IFPRI, IICA, OECD, UNCTAD, UN High Level Task Force on the Food Security Crisis, WFP, World Bank, and WTO.

The report, Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Growth and Bridging the Gap for Small Family Farms, reviews progress made on the commitments of the 2011 G20 Summit, including the creation of the Agricultural Market Information System. Looking forward to the 2012 summit, the report’s authors emphasize the role of investment and innovation in future research and technologies to aid the adoption of more productive and sustainable agricultural solutions. The report states that “substantially reducing trade and production distorting domestic support, improving market access opportunities, eliminating export subsidies and strengthening the disciplines on export restrictions will improve the enabling environment for investment and productivity growth.”

The report notes the critical role played by IFPRI research, drawing on the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, the Statistics of Public Expenditure for Economic Development (SPEED) Database, and the work of ASTI, as well as IFPRI’s work on climate change, food prices and price volatility, agricultural development and the global fertilizer market structure.

May 21, 2013, CAIRO – Poverty and food insecurity in Egypt have risen significantly over the last three years according to joint reports released today by the UN World Food Programme (WFP), the government’s Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

A report by WFP and CAPMAS found that an estimated 13.7 million Egyptians (or 17 percent of the population) suffered from food insecurity in 2011, compared to 14 percent in 2009. Food security exists when all people, at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their basic dietary needs. Data shows that between 2009 and 2011, some 15 percent of the population moved into poverty, twice the number who moved out of poverty. Data also suggests that rates of malnutrition, most notably stunting among children aged 6-59 months, are also on the rise.

“This increase in food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty rates has not happened overnight, during this year or even during the past year,” said WFP Egypt Representative and Country Director GianPietro Bordignon. “People’s inability to have adequate and nutritious food is largely attributed to rising poverty rates and a succession of crises from 2005 -- including the avian influenza epidemic in 2006, the food, fuel and financial crises of 2007–09 and a challenging macroeconomic context in recent years.”

Pockets of poverty and food insecurity have emerged in urban areas, where poverty increased by nearly 40 percent (from 11 to 15.3 percent) between 2009 and 2011. While rural Upper Egypt continues to have the highest poverty rate, at 51.5 percent of the population (double the national average), Greater Cairo has a larger number of poor and food-insecure people (approximately 3.5 million).

The average household spends 40.6 percent of its expenditure on food, rising to more than half for the poorest, who are therefore even more vulnerable to food price fluctuations. They buy less expensive, often less nutritious, foods. The findings of The Status of Poverty and Food Security in Egypt: Analysis and Policy Recommendations are based on analysis of the CAPMAS 2011 Household Income and Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS).

The figures also show that stunting in children under five years of age reached 31 percent in 2011 – above the World Health Organization (WHO) “high” range of 30-39 – up from 23 percent in 2005. Stunting, reflecting chronic malnutrition is irreversible and stops children reaching their full physical and mental potential. And in nine governorates across all regions in 2011, just over half of children under five were estimated to suffer from anaemia, classified as a “severe public health problem” by the WHO.

WFP and IFPRI also launched a joint policy paper, Tackling Egypt’s Rising Food Insecurity in Times of Transition which examines food subsidies. Losses across the baladi bread (subsidized traditional Egyptian bread) supply chain, for example, are estimated at 30 percent. The ration card system also suffers from poor and limited targeting; it covers close to 68 percent of the population, but excludes 19 percent of the most vulnerable households.

The paper concludes that while food subsidies have played an important role in protecting the poor from the impact of high food prices, they are not designed to resolve all poverty-related challenges. More targeted food security and nutrition interventions, as well as job-creation initiatives in poorer areas, are required. Reforms to the subsidy system to make it more efficient would allow for savings that could be invested in such interventions.

“Egypt will experience a triple win: fiscal savings, reaching the most vulnerable, and improved nutrition if the current subsidy system is restructured”, said IFPRI Research Fellow Clemens Breisinger. “The current system is not targeted to those who need it the most.”

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty. IFPRI was established in 1975 to identify and analyze alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting the food needs of the developing world, with particular emphasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries. It is a member of the CGIAR Consortium. www.ifpri.org.

WFP is the world's largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide. Each year WFP feeds more than 90 million people in more than 70 countries. www.wfp.org

The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) is the official statistical agency of Egypt that collects, processes, analyzes, and disseminates all statistical data and the Census. It is the official provider of data, statistics, and reports. www.capmas.gov.eg

Contact Information:

Sarah Immenschuh (IFPRI)

s.immenschuh@cgiar.org Tel: +1 202-862-5679

The Nigerian Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) provides an in-depth assessment of the food security situation within Nigeria. This is very important as it equips policymakers with timely and relevant information that will aid the targeting of interventions. Some of the most pertinent findings of the study are listed below:

• Food insecurity and poverty are intricately linked. Some 29 percent of households in the poorest wealth quintiles have unacceptable diets (9 percent poor and 20 percent borderline) compared with 15 percent in the wealthiest (2 percent poor and 13 percent borderline).

• The poorest livelihoods are found in agriculture. Seventy-seven percent of subsistence farmers are found in the two poorest wealth quintiles, as are 70 percent of mixed or cash crop farmers.

• The general state of water and sanitation facilities available to households in all wealth categories is very poor, with consequent health implications. Forty-five percent of respondents do not have access to decent toilets, and 85 percent have no proper means of refuse disposal.

• The vulnerable and food insecure are mostly found in rural areas and the North West and North East regions of Nigeria.

• Most households in all regions and at all wealth levels purchase food, but rural households and poorer households (by wealth and livelihood) also rely heavily on own food production. Households in the poorest quintiles in both rural and urban areas rely on own production (32 percent rural and 24 percent urban). Wealthier urban households rely mostly on purchases, whereas own production is common at varying levels across all wealth levels for rural households.

• Nigerians generally consume a starchy diet, but wealthier households can afford more nutrient-rich foods (including animal-based proteins) than poorer households. For instance, the wealthiest households consume meat, fish, and eggs an average of four days a week compared with only two days for the poorest households.

• Most households protect vulnerable household members in terms of food allocations (women and children), but that may not hold in the poorest households where some difficult allocation decisions may have to be made.

• Poorer households are more likely to engage in extreme coping strategies (like going a whole day without food) to deal with food shortages.

DHAKA – The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) today presented the first findings of a joint research initiative that explores which types of social safety net transfers work best for the rural ultra-poor. The research initiative is supported and guided by the Government of Bangladesh, and funded by Germany, the United Nations Development Programme, the United States and Switzerland.

The two year study, which will conclude mid 2014, seeks to determine the benefits of five different types and combinations of transfers – including cash, food, and nutrition education – with regard to three critical outcomes: household income, food security, and child nutrition.

“In Bangladesh, the majority of safety net interventions are food-based, but cash transfers are becoming increasingly important,” said Christa Räder, WFP Representative in Bangladesh. “This research initiative helps us understand which kinds of social safety net interventions are most effective in improving the food security and child nutrition in ultra-poor families. The findings will create valuable evidence for the Government and inform its social protection strategy.”

Mid-term findings suggest that nutrition education is critical in leveraging the benefits delivered from food and cash transfers. All participants emphasized that the monthly transfers helped them to feed their families and improve family welfare, but households who participate in nutrition education sessions consumed more -- and more diverse -- foods than those who only received food, cash or both. Participating households in the north-west of the country even showed a significant reduction of chronic child undernutrition (stunting), with those households performing best which have received the intensive nutrition education.

“This research initiative is the first of its kind, not only in Bangladesh, but globally,” said Dr. Akther Ahmed, lead researcher of the IFPRI team and Chief of Party of the IFPRI Policy Research and Strategy Support Program in Bangladesh. “Our preliminary results suggest that participation in the nutrition education sessions generates benefits beyond nutrition, presumably because these ultra-poor women got empowered in the training process,” he added.

The transfer modality research is being conducted in ten upazilas across Kurigram, Rangpur, Bagerhat, Bhola, Khulna, Patuakhali, and Pirojpur, reaching 4,000 ultra-poor rural households. Like in many social safety net programmes in Bangladesh women are the participants in this research as they ensure that their families benefit well. The research compares five different types of transfer, each equivalent to BDT1,500 per month:

• Food only (30 kg rice, 2kg mosur dal, 2 kg vegetable oil per month)
• Cash only (BDT1,500 per month)
• Food and Cash combined (15 kg rice, 1kg mosur dal, 1 kg vegetable oil and BDT750 per month)
• Food and Nutrition Education (weekly sessions)
• Cash and Nutrition Education (weekly sessions)

Cash transfers are made through mobile phone technology. Each woman was given a basic mobile handset, a SIM card, and those who receive cash transfers established a mobile bank account.

The nutrition education involves one-on-one counselling by a trained community nutrition volunteer as well as weekly group sessions which include other family members and influential community members. Using a range of tools and techniques including real-life examples, role plays and cooking demonstrations, they aim to improve knowledge, skills and behaviours in the areas of health, hygiene, sanitation and nutrition.

Social Safety nets are intended specifically for the poor, or those living near the poverty line, who are vulnerable to economic, social and physical shocks that can undermine their livelihood. In Bangladesh, a wide range of institutions provide assistance to the poor through social safety net programmes.

The Government of Bangladesh is in the process of finalising a comprehensive social protection strategy. In the fiscal year 2013-14, the government allocated over 25,371 crore taka (US$3.2 billion), more than a tenth of overall budget and representing 2.13 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), to cover over 90 safety net programmes. Within this allocation, around 38 million people – or 8.5 million households – are covered by food security based social protection programmes and major employment generation and development programmes. For more information please contact:

IFPRI

Akhter Ahmed, Chief of Party, IFPRI-PRSSP/Bangladesh, Tel: +880-2- 989-8686; 989-3434, a.ahmed@cgiar.org Md. Shafiqul Karim, Communications Specialist, IFPRI-PRSSP/Bangladesh, Tel: 8801732-822411, m.s.karim@cgiar.org Web:www.ifpri.org

WFP

Christa Räder, Representative, WFP/Bangladesh, Tel. +880-2-9183022-33, christa.rader@wfp.org Cornelia Pätz, Public Information Officer, WFP/Bangladesh, Tel. +8801755642167, cornelia.paetz@wfp.org Web: www.wfp.org/countries/Bangladesh | Facebook: www.facebook.com/WFP.Bangladesh

Janvier 2014

Données collectées en 2011-2012

SOMMAIRE

Les organismes des Nations Unies en RDC ont formulé le Plan Cadre des Nations Unies pour l’assistance au Développement (UNDAF) pour la période 2013-2017. Le gouvernement de la RDC s'est engagé à collaborer avec les organismes des Nations Unies pour atteindre les objectifs énoncés dans l'UNDAF, en particulier en ce qui concerne les principaux piliers du deuxième document stratégique pour la croissance et la réduction de la pauvreté (DSCRP 2) qui définit une large gamme de priorités couvrant la période 2011-2015. En même temps, le PAM et d'autres organisations humanitaires continuent de répondre aux besoins des ménages touchés par l'insécurité alimentaire, la malnutrition et la faim grâce à leurs programmes respectifs.

Malgré l'énorme potentiel agricole du pays, la majorité de la population de la RDC reste largement exposée à l'insécurité alimentaire, la malnutrition et la faim. La RDC est l'un des rares pays africains qui ont un potentiel énorme pour le développement d’une agriculture durable (en millions d'hectares de terres cultivables potentielles, une diversité de climats, un important réseau hydrographique, une énorme potentiel halieutique et un potentiel important pour l'élevage. Pourtant, la RDC est classée parmi les Pays à Faible Revenu et à Déficit Vivrier (PFRDV). En termes d'Indice de Développement Humain, le PNUD a classé le pays au 187ème rang sur les 187 pays répertoriés en 2011. La situation de la sécurité alimentaire reste précaire ; l'enquête par grappes à indicateurs multiples (MICS) de 2010 a indiqué que 57,8 % des personnes vivant en RDC ont une consommation alimentaire pauvre ou limitée. Le rapport IPC (Phase Intégrée de Classification de la sécurité alimentaire) de novembre 2012 a estimé à 5,4 millions le nombre de personnes en situation de crise alimentaire aiguë. Selon le rapport de l'IFPRI de 2011, l'indice global de la faim (GHI) de la RDC a augmenté de 63 %, principalement à cause du conflit et de l'instabilité politique. Les résultats des récentes évaluations sur la sécurité alimentaire menées par le PAM dans la Province Orientale, le Nord et le Sud Kivu, le Kasaï Occidental, l’Équateur, le Maniema et le Katanga ont montré que, en moyenne, plus d’un ménage sur trois en RDC ont une consommation alimentaire pauvre ou limitée. Les évaluations récentes menées dans les zones touchées par le conflit armé au Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu et Katanga indiquent des taux de malnutrition aiguë globale dépassant le seuil d’urgence de 15 pourcent dans plusieurs zones.

Dans ce contexte, une analyse approfondie de la sécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité (CFSVA) est destinée à fournir une meilleure compréhension de l'insécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité des ménages ruraux dans tout le pays. Cette compréhension guidera l'élaboration de stratégies appropriées pour répondre aux besoins des personnes touchées par l'insécurité alimentaire. L'analyse actuelle aidera également à orienter les interventions du gouvernement, des agences des Nations Unies, dont le PAM et d'autres organisations humanitaires. Elle permettra aussi de mettre à jour les indicateurs de base sur la sécurité alimentaire utilisée par rapport à la précédente CFSVA conduite par le PAM et le gouvernement en 2008.

La CFSVA actuelle repose essentiellement sur l'Enquête d’Analyse de la Sécurité Alimentaire et de la Vulnérabilité menée auprès des ménages conçue et effectuée en 2011-2012 par le PAM en partenariat avec le Ministère de l'Agriculture, PRONANUT, l’INS, la FAO, l'UNICEF, les ONG, les membres nationaux et provinciaux du groupe pour la sécurité alimentaire.

L'enquête a été menée en 2011-2012 et a couvert 24 884 ménages ruraux dans 10 provinces.
Une approche par échantillonnage stratifié et à plusieurs degrés a été utilisée pour obtenir des estimations d'un ensemble d’indicateurs de sécurité alimentaires aux niveaux territorial, provincial et national.
Le présent rapport comprend des conclusions précises sur le nombre de personnes en insécurité alimentaire et vulnérables dans le pays, la répartition géographique des groupes souffrant d'insécurité alimentaire et vulnérables, leurs caractéristiques, leur capacité à gérer les chocs et les facteurs qui sont à la base de l'insécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité. Il reprend les résultats supplémentaires de l'Enquête par grappes à indicateurs multiples (MICS 2010) et de l'Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS, 2007) afin de donner une image complète de l’insécurité alimentaire et de la malnutrition.

L'évaluation de l'état de sécurité alimentaire des ménages en RDC commence par l'analyse de la consommation en nourriture des ménages, qui est basée sur le score de consommation alimentaire (SCA) et complétée par l’indice de richesse et les stratégies de survie des ménages.

This CFSVA report mainly builds on the Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis household survey designed and implemented in 2011-2012 by WFP in partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture, the National Nutrition Program, the National Institute of Statistics, FAO, UNICEF, NGOs, national and international members of the food security cluster. The survey covered 24,884 rural households in 10 provinces. A stratified and multi-stage sampling approach was used to provide estimates of a set of food and nutritional security indicators at the provincial and national levels.

This report includes specific findings on the number of food insecure and vulnerable people in the country, the geographic distribution of the food insecure and vulnerable groups, their characteristics, their capacity to manage shocks, and the driving forces of food insecurity and vulnerability.

Improving Agricultural Growth Critical to Global Food Security

A New International Organization Report to the G20 Highlights Need for Improving Agricultural Productivity

Jun 12, 2012

With a growing global population and rising incomes, global collaboration is urgently needed to ensure sustainable agricultural growth and food security. The issue of food security and development was first taken up at the 2010 G20 Summit in Seoul, with the 2011 G20 Action Plan providing further commitment to the goals of sustainable agricultural development. (For further information on the action items resulting from the 2011 G20 Summit, visit the Food Security Portal.)

Early in 2012 the Mexican G20 Presidency invited international organizations to examine practical actions that could be undertaken to sustainably improve agricultural productivity growth, in particular on small family farms. The preparation of this report, coordinated by the FAO and the OECD, is a collaborative undertaking by Bioversity, CGIAR Consortium, FAO, IFAD, IFPRI, IICA, OECD, UNCTAD, UN High Level Task Force on the Food Security Crisis, WFP, World Bank, and WTO.

The report, Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Growth and Bridging the Gap for Small Family Farms, reviews progress made on the commitments of the 2011 G20 Summit, including the creation of the Agricultural Market Information System. Looking forward to the 2012 summit, the report’s authors emphasize the role of investment and innovation in future research and technologies to aid the adoption of more productive and sustainable agricultural solutions. The report states that “substantially reducing trade and production distorting domestic support, improving market access opportunities, eliminating export subsidies and strengthening the disciplines on export restrictions will improve the enabling environment for investment and productivity growth.”

The report notes the critical role played by IFPRI research, drawing on the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index, the Statistics of Public Expenditure for Economic Development (SPEED) Database, and the work of ASTI, as well as IFPRI’s work on climate change, food prices and price volatility, agricultural development and the global fertilizer market structure.

May 21, 2013, CAIRO – Poverty and food insecurity in Egypt have risen significantly over the last three years according to joint reports released today by the UN World Food Programme (WFP), the government’s Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

A report by WFP and CAPMAS found that an estimated 13.7 million Egyptians (or 17 percent of the population) suffered from food insecurity in 2011, compared to 14 percent in 2009. Food security exists when all people, at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their basic dietary needs. Data shows that between 2009 and 2011, some 15 percent of the population moved into poverty, twice the number who moved out of poverty. Data also suggests that rates of malnutrition, most notably stunting among children aged 6-59 months, are also on the rise.

“This increase in food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty rates has not happened overnight, during this year or even during the past year,” said WFP Egypt Representative and Country Director GianPietro Bordignon. “People’s inability to have adequate and nutritious food is largely attributed to rising poverty rates and a succession of crises from 2005 -- including the avian influenza epidemic in 2006, the food, fuel and financial crises of 2007–09 and a challenging macroeconomic context in recent years.”

Pockets of poverty and food insecurity have emerged in urban areas, where poverty increased by nearly 40 percent (from 11 to 15.3 percent) between 2009 and 2011. While rural Upper Egypt continues to have the highest poverty rate, at 51.5 percent of the population (double the national average), Greater Cairo has a larger number of poor and food-insecure people (approximately 3.5 million).

The average household spends 40.6 percent of its expenditure on food, rising to more than half for the poorest, who are therefore even more vulnerable to food price fluctuations. They buy less expensive, often less nutritious, foods. The findings of The Status of Poverty and Food Security in Egypt: Analysis and Policy Recommendations are based on analysis of the CAPMAS 2011 Household Income and Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS).

The figures also show that stunting in children under five years of age reached 31 percent in 2011 – above the World Health Organization (WHO) “high” range of 30-39 – up from 23 percent in 2005. Stunting, reflecting chronic malnutrition is irreversible and stops children reaching their full physical and mental potential. And in nine governorates across all regions in 2011, just over half of children under five were estimated to suffer from anaemia, classified as a “severe public health problem” by the WHO.

WFP and IFPRI also launched a joint policy paper, Tackling Egypt’s Rising Food Insecurity in Times of Transition which examines food subsidies. Losses across the baladi bread (subsidized traditional Egyptian bread) supply chain, for example, are estimated at 30 percent. The ration card system also suffers from poor and limited targeting; it covers close to 68 percent of the population, but excludes 19 percent of the most vulnerable households.

The paper concludes that while food subsidies have played an important role in protecting the poor from the impact of high food prices, they are not designed to resolve all poverty-related challenges. More targeted food security and nutrition interventions, as well as job-creation initiatives in poorer areas, are required. Reforms to the subsidy system to make it more efficient would allow for savings that could be invested in such interventions.

“Egypt will experience a triple win: fiscal savings, reaching the most vulnerable, and improved nutrition if the current subsidy system is restructured”, said IFPRI Research Fellow Clemens Breisinger. “The current system is not targeted to those who need it the most.”

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty. IFPRI was established in 1975 to identify and analyze alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting the food needs of the developing world, with particular emphasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries. It is a member of the CGIAR Consortium. www.ifpri.org.

WFP is the world's largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide. Each year WFP feeds more than 90 million people in more than 70 countries. www.wfp.org

The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) is the official statistical agency of Egypt that collects, processes, analyzes, and disseminates all statistical data and the Census. It is the official provider of data, statistics, and reports. www.capmas.gov.eg

Contact Information:

Sarah Immenschuh (IFPRI)

s.immenschuh@cgiar.org Tel: +1 202-862-5679

The Nigerian Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) provides an in-depth assessment of the food security situation within Nigeria. This is very important as it equips policymakers with timely and relevant information that will aid the targeting of interventions. Some of the most pertinent findings of the study are listed below:

• Food insecurity and poverty are intricately linked. Some 29 percent of households in the poorest wealth quintiles have unacceptable diets (9 percent poor and 20 percent borderline) compared with 15 percent in the wealthiest (2 percent poor and 13 percent borderline).

• The poorest livelihoods are found in agriculture. Seventy-seven percent of subsistence farmers are found in the two poorest wealth quintiles, as are 70 percent of mixed or cash crop farmers.

• The general state of water and sanitation facilities available to households in all wealth categories is very poor, with consequent health implications. Forty-five percent of respondents do not have access to decent toilets, and 85 percent have no proper means of refuse disposal.

• The vulnerable and food insecure are mostly found in rural areas and the North West and North East regions of Nigeria.

• Most households in all regions and at all wealth levels purchase food, but rural households and poorer households (by wealth and livelihood) also rely heavily on own food production. Households in the poorest quintiles in both rural and urban areas rely on own production (32 percent rural and 24 percent urban). Wealthier urban households rely mostly on purchases, whereas own production is common at varying levels across all wealth levels for rural households.

• Nigerians generally consume a starchy diet, but wealthier households can afford more nutrient-rich foods (including animal-based proteins) than poorer households. For instance, the wealthiest households consume meat, fish, and eggs an average of four days a week compared with only two days for the poorest households.

• Most households protect vulnerable household members in terms of food allocations (women and children), but that may not hold in the poorest households where some difficult allocation decisions may have to be made.

• Poorer households are more likely to engage in extreme coping strategies (like going a whole day without food) to deal with food shortages.

DHAKA – The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) today presented the first findings of a joint research initiative that explores which types of social safety net transfers work best for the rural ultra-poor. The research initiative is supported and guided by the Government of Bangladesh, and funded by Germany, the United Nations Development Programme, the United States and Switzerland.

The two year study, which will conclude mid 2014, seeks to determine the benefits of five different types and combinations of transfers – including cash, food, and nutrition education – with regard to three critical outcomes: household income, food security, and child nutrition.

“In Bangladesh, the majority of safety net interventions are food-based, but cash transfers are becoming increasingly important,” said Christa Räder, WFP Representative in Bangladesh. “This research initiative helps us understand which kinds of social safety net interventions are most effective in improving the food security and child nutrition in ultra-poor families. The findings will create valuable evidence for the Government and inform its social protection strategy.”

Mid-term findings suggest that nutrition education is critical in leveraging the benefits delivered from food and cash transfers. All participants emphasized that the monthly transfers helped them to feed their families and improve family welfare, but households who participate in nutrition education sessions consumed more -- and more diverse -- foods than those who only received food, cash or both. Participating households in the north-west of the country even showed a significant reduction of chronic child undernutrition (stunting), with those households performing best which have received the intensive nutrition education.

“This research initiative is the first of its kind, not only in Bangladesh, but globally,” said Dr. Akther Ahmed, lead researcher of the IFPRI team and Chief of Party of the IFPRI Policy Research and Strategy Support Program in Bangladesh. “Our preliminary results suggest that participation in the nutrition education sessions generates benefits beyond nutrition, presumably because these ultra-poor women got empowered in the training process,” he added.

The transfer modality research is being conducted in ten upazilas across Kurigram, Rangpur, Bagerhat, Bhola, Khulna, Patuakhali, and Pirojpur, reaching 4,000 ultra-poor rural households. Like in many social safety net programmes in Bangladesh women are the participants in this research as they ensure that their families benefit well. The research compares five different types of transfer, each equivalent to BDT1,500 per month:

• Food only (30 kg rice, 2kg mosur dal, 2 kg vegetable oil per month)
• Cash only (BDT1,500 per month)
• Food and Cash combined (15 kg rice, 1kg mosur dal, 1 kg vegetable oil and BDT750 per month)
• Food and Nutrition Education (weekly sessions)
• Cash and Nutrition Education (weekly sessions)

Cash transfers are made through mobile phone technology. Each woman was given a basic mobile handset, a SIM card, and those who receive cash transfers established a mobile bank account.

The nutrition education involves one-on-one counselling by a trained community nutrition volunteer as well as weekly group sessions which include other family members and influential community members. Using a range of tools and techniques including real-life examples, role plays and cooking demonstrations, they aim to improve knowledge, skills and behaviours in the areas of health, hygiene, sanitation and nutrition.

Social Safety nets are intended specifically for the poor, or those living near the poverty line, who are vulnerable to economic, social and physical shocks that can undermine their livelihood. In Bangladesh, a wide range of institutions provide assistance to the poor through social safety net programmes.

The Government of Bangladesh is in the process of finalising a comprehensive social protection strategy. In the fiscal year 2013-14, the government allocated over 25,371 crore taka (US$3.2 billion), more than a tenth of overall budget and representing 2.13 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), to cover over 90 safety net programmes. Within this allocation, around 38 million people – or 8.5 million households – are covered by food security based social protection programmes and major employment generation and development programmes. For more information please contact:

IFPRI

Akhter Ahmed, Chief of Party, IFPRI-PRSSP/Bangladesh, Tel: +880-2- 989-8686; 989-3434, a.ahmed@cgiar.org Md. Shafiqul Karim, Communications Specialist, IFPRI-PRSSP/Bangladesh, Tel: 8801732-822411, m.s.karim@cgiar.org Web:www.ifpri.org

WFP

Christa Räder, Representative, WFP/Bangladesh, Tel. +880-2-9183022-33, christa.rader@wfp.org Cornelia Pätz, Public Information Officer, WFP/Bangladesh, Tel. +8801755642167, cornelia.paetz@wfp.org Web: www.wfp.org/countries/Bangladesh | Facebook: www.facebook.com/WFP.Bangladesh

Janvier 2014

Données collectées en 2011-2012

SOMMAIRE

Les organismes des Nations Unies en RDC ont formulé le Plan Cadre des Nations Unies pour l’assistance au Développement (UNDAF) pour la période 2013-2017. Le gouvernement de la RDC s'est engagé à collaborer avec les organismes des Nations Unies pour atteindre les objectifs énoncés dans l'UNDAF, en particulier en ce qui concerne les principaux piliers du deuxième document stratégique pour la croissance et la réduction de la pauvreté (DSCRP 2) qui définit une large gamme de priorités couvrant la période 2011-2015. En même temps, le PAM et d'autres organisations humanitaires continuent de répondre aux besoins des ménages touchés par l'insécurité alimentaire, la malnutrition et la faim grâce à leurs programmes respectifs.

Malgré l'énorme potentiel agricole du pays, la majorité de la population de la RDC reste largement exposée à l'insécurité alimentaire, la malnutrition et la faim. La RDC est l'un des rares pays africains qui ont un potentiel énorme pour le développement d’une agriculture durable (en millions d'hectares de terres cultivables potentielles, une diversité de climats, un important réseau hydrographique, une énorme potentiel halieutique et un potentiel important pour l'élevage. Pourtant, la RDC est classée parmi les Pays à Faible Revenu et à Déficit Vivrier (PFRDV). En termes d'Indice de Développement Humain, le PNUD a classé le pays au 187ème rang sur les 187 pays répertoriés en 2011. La situation de la sécurité alimentaire reste précaire ; l'enquête par grappes à indicateurs multiples (MICS) de 2010 a indiqué que 57,8 % des personnes vivant en RDC ont une consommation alimentaire pauvre ou limitée. Le rapport IPC (Phase Intégrée de Classification de la sécurité alimentaire) de novembre 2012 a estimé à 5,4 millions le nombre de personnes en situation de crise alimentaire aiguë. Selon le rapport de l'IFPRI de 2011, l'indice global de la faim (GHI) de la RDC a augmenté de 63 %, principalement à cause du conflit et de l'instabilité politique. Les résultats des récentes évaluations sur la sécurité alimentaire menées par le PAM dans la Province Orientale, le Nord et le Sud Kivu, le Kasaï Occidental, l’Équateur, le Maniema et le Katanga ont montré que, en moyenne, plus d’un ménage sur trois en RDC ont une consommation alimentaire pauvre ou limitée. Les évaluations récentes menées dans les zones touchées par le conflit armé au Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu et Katanga indiquent des taux de malnutrition aiguë globale dépassant le seuil d’urgence de 15 pourcent dans plusieurs zones.

Dans ce contexte, une analyse approfondie de la sécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité (CFSVA) est destinée à fournir une meilleure compréhension de l'insécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité des ménages ruraux dans tout le pays. Cette compréhension guidera l'élaboration de stratégies appropriées pour répondre aux besoins des personnes touchées par l'insécurité alimentaire. L'analyse actuelle aidera également à orienter les interventions du gouvernement, des agences des Nations Unies, dont le PAM et d'autres organisations humanitaires. Elle permettra aussi de mettre à jour les indicateurs de base sur la sécurité alimentaire utilisée par rapport à la précédente CFSVA conduite par le PAM et le gouvernement en 2008.

La CFSVA actuelle repose essentiellement sur l'Enquête d’Analyse de la Sécurité Alimentaire et de la Vulnérabilité menée auprès des ménages conçue et effectuée en 2011-2012 par le PAM en partenariat avec le Ministère de l'Agriculture, PRONANUT, l’INS, la FAO, l'UNICEF, les ONG, les membres nationaux et provinciaux du groupe pour la sécurité alimentaire.

L'enquête a été menée en 2011-2012 et a couvert 24 884 ménages ruraux dans 10 provinces.
Une approche par échantillonnage stratifié et à plusieurs degrés a été utilisée pour obtenir des estimations d'un ensemble d’indicateurs de sécurité alimentaires aux niveaux territorial, provincial et national.
Le présent rapport comprend des conclusions précises sur le nombre de personnes en insécurité alimentaire et vulnérables dans le pays, la répartition géographique des groupes souffrant d'insécurité alimentaire et vulnérables, leurs caractéristiques, leur capacité à gérer les chocs et les facteurs qui sont à la base de l'insécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité. Il reprend les résultats supplémentaires de l'Enquête par grappes à indicateurs multiples (MICS 2010) et de l'Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS, 2007) afin de donner une image complète de l’insécurité alimentaire et de la malnutrition.

L'évaluation de l'état de sécurité alimentaire des ménages en RDC commence par l'analyse de la consommation en nourriture des ménages, qui est basée sur le score de consommation alimentaire (SCA) et complétée par l’indice de richesse et les stratégies de survie des ménages.

This CFSVA report mainly builds on the Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis household survey designed and implemented in 2011-2012 by WFP in partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture, the National Nutrition Program, the National Institute of Statistics, FAO, UNICEF, NGOs, national and international members of the food security cluster. The survey covered 24,884 rural households in 10 provinces. A stratified and multi-stage sampling approach was used to provide estimates of a set of food and nutritional security indicators at the provincial and national levels.

This report includes specific findings on the number of food insecure and vulnerable people in the country, the geographic distribution of the food insecure and vulnerable groups, their characteristics, their capacity to manage shocks, and the driving forces of food insecurity and vulnerability.

Key messages

Acute food insecurity global estimates in 2017

• Around 124 million people in 51 countries face Crisis food insecurity or worse (equivalent of IPC/CH Phase 3 or above). They require urgent humanitarian action to save lives, protect livelihoods, and reduce hunger and malnutrition.

• The worst food crises in 2017 were in north-eastern Nigeria, Somalia, Yemen and South Sudan, where nearly 32 million people were food-insecure and in need of urgent assistance. Famine (IPC/CH Phase 5) was declared in two counties of South Sudan in February 2017. Although humanitarian assistance has thus far contributed towards preventing large-scale famines, humanitarian needs remain exceptionally high across the four countries.

• Last year’s Global Report on Food Crises identified 108 million people in Crisis food security or worse across 48 countries.

• A comparison of the 45 countries included in both editions of the Global Report on Food Crises reveals an increase of 11 million people – an 11 percent rise – in the number of food-insecure people needing urgent humanitarian action across the world.

• This rise can largely be attributed to new or intensified and protracted conflict or insecurity in countries such as Yemen, northern Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan and Myanmar. Persistent drought has also played a major role, causing consecutive poor harvests in countries already facing high levels of food insecurity in eastern and southern Africa.

• Levels of acute malnutrition in crisis-affected areas remain of concern; there continues to be a double burden of high acute and chronic malnutrition in protracted crises.

• The number of children and women in need of nutritional support increased between 2016 and 2017, mainly in areas affected by conflict or insecurity such as Somalia, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Yemen and northern Nigeria. Some of these countries have also experienced severe outbreaks of cholera, exacerbating levels of acute malnutrition.

Food insecurity and malnutrition: primary drivers in 2017

• Conflict and insecurity continued to be the primary drivers of food insecurity in 18 countries, where almost 74 million food-insecure people remain in need of urgent assistance. Half of these people were in countries affected by conflict or insecurity in Africa, and more than a third were in the Middle East.

• Food-insecure people in need of urgent action in countries affected by conflict or insecurity accounted for 60 percent of the total population facing Crisis food insecurity or worse across the world.

• Climate disasters – mainly drought – were also major triggers of food crises in 23 countries, with over 39 million food-insecure people in need of urgent assistance. Two thirds of these countries were in Africa, where almost 32 million people faced acute food insecurity.

Messages clés

Estimations mondiales de l’insécurité alimentaire aiguë en 2017

• Environ 124 millions de personnes vivant dans 51 pays sont en situation d’insécurité alimentaire de Crise ou pire (Phase 3 ou pire de l’IPC ou du CH ou équivalent) et requièrent une action humanitaire urgente afin de sauver des vies, protéger les moyens d’existence et réduire les déficits de consommation alimentaire et la malnutrition aiguë.

• En 2017, les crises les plus sévères ont eu lieu au nord-est du Nigeria, en Somalie, au Yémen et au Soudan du Sud où près de 32 millions de personnes étaient en situation d’insécurité alimentaire et nécessitaient une aide d’urgence. Une situation de Famine (Phase 5 de l’IPC) a été déclarée dans deux comtés du Soudan du Sud en février 2017. Bien que l’aide humanitaire ait contribué à prévenir des situations de famine à grande échelle, les besoins humanitaires restent exceptionnellement élevés dans ces quatre pays.

• Le Rapport mondial sur les crises alimentaires de l’an dernier avait identifié 108 millions de personnes vivant en Crise (Phase 3 ou pire de l’IPC ou du CH) ou équivalent dans 48 pays.

• Une comparaison des 45 pays inclus dans les deux éditions du Rapport mondial sur les crises alimentaires révèle une augmentation de 11 millions – soit une hausse de 11 pour cent - du nombre de personnes en situation d’insécurité alimentaire nécessitant une action humanitaire urgente à travers le monde.

• Cette augmentation peut largement être attribuée à l’émergence ou l’intensification des conflits ou de l’insécurité dans des pays tels que le Yémen, le nord du Nigeria, la République démocratique du Congo, le Soudan du Sud et le Myanmar. En Afrique orientale et australe, la sécheresse persistante a également joué un rôle majeur, entraînant des réductions consécutives des récoltes dans des pays déjà confrontés à des niveaux élevés d’insécurité alimentaire.

• Les niveaux de malnutrition aiguë dans les zones touchées par la crise restent préoccupants ; un double fardeau de malnutrition aiguë et chronique persiste dans les crises prolongées.

• Le nombre d’enfants et de femmes nécessitant un soutien nutritionnel a augmenté par rapport à 2016, principalement dans les zones de conflit telles que la Somalie, le Soudan du Sud, la République démocratique du Congo, le Yémen et le nord du Nigeria. Certains de ces pays ont également connu de graves épidémies de choléra qui ont exacerbé la malnutrition aiguë.

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Mensajes claves

Estimaciones globales sobre la inseguridad alimentaria aguda en 2017

• Alrededor de 124 millones de personas en 51 países se enfrentan a una situación de Crisis de inseguridad alimentaria o peor (equivalente o superior a la fase 3 del IPC/CH) y requieren una acción humanitaria urgente para salvar vidas, proteger los medios de vida y reducir los niveles de hambre y desnutrición aguda.

• Las peores crisis alimentarias de 2017 tuvieron lugar en el noreste de Nigeria, Somalia, Yemen y Sudán del Sur donde cerca de 32 millones de personas fueron afectadas por la inseguridad alimentaria y necesitan una asistencia urgente. En febrero de 2017, la situación de hambruna (fase 5 del IPC/CH) fue declarada en dos provincias de Sudán del Sur. Aunque la asistencia humanitaria ha contribuido hasta ahora a prevenir hambrunas a gran escala, las necesidades humanitarias continúan a ser excepcionalmente elevadas en los cuatro países.

• El Informe global del año pasado sobre crisis alimentarias identificó a 108 millones de personas en situación de Crisis de inseguridad alimentaria o peor en 48 paises.

• Una comparación de los 45 países incluidos en las dos ediciones del informe global sobre crisis alimentarias revela un aumento de 11 millones de personas – un aumento del 11 por ciento – en el número de personas afectadas por la inseguridad alimentaria que necesitan acciones humanitarias urgentes en todo el mundo.

• Este aumento se puede atribuir en gran medida a la aparición o la intensificación y cronificación de conflictos y de situaciones de inseguridad en países como Yemen, el norte de Nigeria, República Democrática del Congo, Sudán del Sur y Myanmar. La sequía persistente también jugó un papel importante, causando cosechas reducidas consecutivas en países de África oriental y meridional que ya conocían altos niveles de inseguridad alimentaria.

• Los niveles de desnutrición aguda en las áreas afectadas por la crisis siguen siendo motivo de preocupación; en las crisis prolongadas los altos niveles de desnutrición aguda y desnutrición crónica siguen constituyendo una doble carga.

• Más niños y mujeres necesitan apoyo nutricional en comparación con 2016 y 2017. Se observó un aumento principalmente en las zonas en conflicto o inseguras como Somalia, Sudán del Sur, República Democrática del Congo, Yemen y el norte de Nigeria. Algunos de estos países también han experimentado brotes severos de cólera, agravando los niveles de desnutrición aguda.

Estimations mondiales de l’insécurité alimentaire aiguë en 2018

Plus de 113 millions de personnes dans 53 pays sont en situation d’insécurité alimentaire aiguë et nécessitent une aide urgente en matière d’alimentation, de nutrition et de moyens d’existence (Phase 3 de l’IPC / CH ou plus). En 2018, les pires crises alimentaires ont eu lieu, par ordre de gravité, au Yémen, en République démocratique du Congo, en Afghanistan, en Éthiopie, en République arabe syrienne, au Soudan, au Soudan du sud et dans la partie nord du Nigéria. Ces huit pays représentent les deux tiers du nombre total de personnes confrontées à une insécurité alimentaire aiguë, soit près de 72 millions de personnes.

Les pays africains sont encore touchés de manière disproportionnée par l’insécurité alimentaire aiguë

Le chiffre de 113 millions de personnes représente une légère amélioration par rapport au nombre de 2017 présenté dans le rapport de l’année dernière, selon lequel environ 124 millions de personnes dans 51 pays souffraient de faim aiguë.

Malgré une légère diminution, le rapport montre qu’au cours des trois dernières années (2016, 2017 et 2018), plus de 100 millions de personnes ont été frappées par des périodes de faim aiguë.

La légère diminution enregistrée entre 2017 et 2018 est en grande partie imputable à l’évolution des chocs climatiques et de leur impact. Un certain nombre de pays fortement exposés n’ont pas fait face à la même intensité de chocs climatiques et aux mêmes facteurs de détresse liés au climat qu’ils avaient connus en 2017 lorsqu’ils avaient été confrontés à diverses sécheresses, inondations, pluies et élévations de température provoquées par El Niño en 2015-2016. Cela concerne particulièrement les pays d’Afrique australe et orientale, la Corne de l’Afrique, l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes et la région Asie-Pacifique.

De plus, 143 millions de personnes supplémentaires dans un sous-ensemble de 42 pays vivaient dans des conditions de Sous pression (Phase 2 de l’IPC / CH). Au seuil de la faim aiguë, ils risquaient de sombrer dans une situation de Crise ou pire (Phase 3 de l’IPC / CH ou plus) en cas de choc ou de facteur de détresse.

Les niveaux élevés de malnutrition aiguë et chronique chez les enfants vivant dans des conditions d’urgence sont restés extrêmement préoccupants. Les facteurs immédiats de la dénutrition comprennent un apport alimentaire insuffisant et les maladies. Les mères et les dispensateurs de soins font souvent face à des difficultés pour fournir aux enfants les micronutriments essentiels dont ils ont besoin pendant les périodes critiques de croissance au cours des crises alimentaires. Cela se reflète dans le nombre extrêmement bas d’enfants ayant un régime alimentaire minimum acceptable dans la plupart des pays identifiés dans ce rapport.

WHY THIS REPORT?

For several years the number of people who cannot meet their daily food needs without humanitarian assistance has been rising, primarily driven by two factors: persistent instability in conflict-ridden regions and adverse climate events.

These growing needs have been reflected in the increasing level of international humanitarian assistance, which reached US$27.3 billion in 2017, up from US$18.4 billion in 2013. While critical to saving lives and alleviating human suffering, humanitarian assistance does not address the root causes of food crises.

In response, those coordinating emergency humanitarian assistance are working more seriously with those in development support and conflict prevention to find ways to reverse the current trend in escalating numbers of food-insecure people in need of urgent action.

This “new way of working,” aims to address the humanitarian-development (HD) nexus, which emerged from the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016, as well as the Agenda for Humanity’s call to “move from delivering aid to ending need,” which provided a framework for thinking about innovative approaches to address food crises more sustainably in line with Sustainable Development Goal 2.1.

These collaborative efforts to prevent and address food crises are reflected in the UN Security Council’s adoption of resolution 2417 in May 2018. It allows the Council to consider its full range of tools — including sanctions — to ensure that parties to conflict do not violate international humanitarian law (IHL) by, for example, starving civilians as a weapon of war, unlawfully denying humanitarian access to civilian populations in need and depriving people of their means to produce food.

This HD nexus is also reflected in the Global Network Against Food Crises (GNAFC), which seeks to combat food crises from humanitarian and development perspectives and tackle the root causes of these crises (see box). This Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) contributes to humanitarian development efforts by providing the global and national food security community and GNAFC members with timely, independent and consensus-based information on the severity, magnitude and drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition in food crisis contexts. This information supports humanitarian and development actors to plan and fund evidence-based responses, while using the data to seek high-level political action for durable solutions to food crises.

Sep 2019 This regional report on food crises is the first for the region and highlights the plight of millions of people experiencing acute levels of food insecurity in seven countries in the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) region. It serves as an important milestone towards delivering IGAD’s commitment to fight acute hunger and malnutrition in the region.

Despite some impressive advances in the region – in terms of peace and security, economic growth, innovation and infrastructure – armed conflict and economic crises, as well as climate-induced disasters, continued to drive hunger and food insecurity across the region in 2018.

Food insecurity presents a major barrier to the development of the region and hampers sustainable growth for its people. In addition to satisfying people’s nutritional needs, food security provides the basis upon which peace and security can prevail and economic growth emerge.

The report highlights the number of people who experienced acute food insecurity requiring urgent food, nutrition and livelihoods assistance across seven IGAD countries in 2018. It also elaborates on the key drivers of food insecurity, thus pointing the way towards solutions that can rebuild lives and livelihoods.

WHY THIS UPDATE?

The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC), released annually, provides a consensus-based view of the numbers of people in urgent need of assistance for food, nutrition and livelihood support at the worst point during the previous year. For the last three years the report has indicated that despite the efforts of national governments and humanitarian actors, the number has not fallen below 100 million people globally, with conflict and insecurity, climate-related issues and economic shocks being the primary drivers of food insecurity.

Humanitarian agencies, governments and other stakeholders need to be able to better understand and respond effectively and promptly to food crises with immediate life-saving assistance and livelihood support as well as preventive action, including resilience-building programmes and longer-term development policies. To do so they need the most recent consensual evidencebased analysis. They need to know the severity of the situation in terms of numbers of acutely food-insecure people and whether the situation is improving, deteriorating or stable, and why so.

The GRFC partners are responding to that need to support timely responses and preventive actions to food crises by issuing this analytical mid-year update of the GRFC 2019 with the use of relevant information made available by September 2019.

Data gaps and comparability challenges

This update is aimed at providing the latest estimates for as many crises as possible out of the 66 countries and territories initially selected for the GRFC 2019 based on the criteria listed below:

• They required external assistance for food as assessed by FAO Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) in 2018

• And/or they experienced at least one food crisis in the past three years or at least three food crises in the past 10 years

• And/or they were affected by climate shocks/natural disasters; conflict, insecurity, localized violence or political instability; or economic shocks that had a major impact on food security or that the Government could not handle without external assistance

• And/or hosted large numbers of displaced populations whose food security was affected and required external assistance.

While the main table in the GRFC 2019 provided the peak number of food-insecure people in need of urgent action in 2018 for 53 countries and territories, this update provides estimates of the peak number for 36 of those countries with new food security information from the first eight months of 2019.

By September 2019, there were no updated estimates available for the 17 remaining countries and territories, which are therefore omitted from this update. These are countries hosting Syrian refugees (Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey), the Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq and Palestine in the Middle East; countries hosting Venezuelan migrants (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) in Central America and the Caribbean; Afghanistan, Bangladesh (Cox’s Bazar) and Myanmar in Asia; Burundi, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Libya in Africa, and Ukraine in Eastern Europe.

These data gaps include five of the eight worst food crisis countries: Afghanistan, Ethiopia and the Syrian Arab Republic did not have updated information, while the information from Yemen and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are not comparable with 2018 data due to differences in geographical coverage. In 2018 the food-insecure populations of these five crises amounted to over 54 million people, or almost half of the total number of food-insecure people included in the annual report.

Eleven countries had data comparability challenges due to differences in geographical coverage and percentage of the population analysed. These were the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, eSwatini, the Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique,
Pakistan, the Sudan, Yemen and Zambia. It was not feasible to provide an accurate update of the aggregate peak number of people in need of urgent food, nutrition and livelihoods assistance during the first eight months of 2019 because of these data gaps.

Thirty-six of the 66 countries selected for analysis in 2019 had updated estimates available for this report while analysis from 25 were comparable.